Alice in Wonderland Syndrome

What is Alice in Wonderland Syndrome? Alice in Wonderland Syndrome is named after a novel that was written by Lewis Carroll. The condition was first illustrated in 1955 by John Todd, a psychiatrist. Todd named it, for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. Perchance, Lewis Carroll suffered from severe migraine and the disorder as well. Alice in Wonderland Syndrome is a disorienting condition that affects one’s perception. AIWS is a neurological disorder that disturbs signals that are sent from the eyes to the brain, thereby causing a subsequent distortion in perception.  The patient complains of visual, auditory and tactile hallucinations and altered perceptions. Alice in Wonderland Syndrome can be baffling and terrifying for the patient; for he feels he is going mad in a weird world with warped perceptions and hallucinations. Signs and Symptoms of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome • The foremost symptom of the Alice in Wonderland Syndrome is an altered body image. The person observes sizes of parts of the body wrongly. More often than not, the head and hands seem disproportionate; and in general, the person perceives growth of various parts rather than a reduction in their size.  • Another most significant symptom of the Alice in Wonderland Syndrome is that the patient perceives the sizes of various other objects inaccurately.  • The trademark symptom of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome is migraine.  • The individual loses a sense of time. For him, time seems passes either at a snail's pace, or passes too swiftly. • Some people experience strong hallucinations; they may visualize things that aren’t there and may also get the wrong impression about certain situations and events. • Also, like the visual perception gets warped, so does the auditory and tactile perception. What causes Alice in Wonderland Syndrome?  Facts about the Alice in Wonderland Syndrome are still quite ambiguous; actually, not many physicians know about the disorder. The commonest factors linked to AIWS are: • Typical migraine (an aura, visual derangements, hemi-cranial headache, nausea and vomiting) is an important cause and associated feature of AIWS. • Temporal lobe epilepsy is another causal factor. • Brain tumors may trigger temporary AIWS. • Using psychoactive drugs • Epstein Barr viral infection is linked to manifestations of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome. • Alice in Wonderland Syndrome is relatively common in children.  • Some experts say, AIWS is a common occurrence with some people at sleep onset. How to Treat Alice in Wonderland Syndrome? Alice in Wonderland Syndrome has no proven, effective treatment, but treatment programs for the probable causes of the condition are employed to bring about relief. • In general, the treatment plan consists of giving migraine prophylaxis, (anticonvulsants, anti depressants, calcium channel blockers and beta blockers). Following a migraine diet regimen affords immense too. • Chronic cases of Alice in Wonderland Syndrom post by alya nazifa bt yahaya smiles19girlz

the black cat

                                      The Black Cat by Edgar Allan Poe                                                           FOR the most wild, yet most homely narrative which I am about to pen, I neither expect nor solicit belief. Mad indeed would I be to expect it, in a case where my very senses reject their own evidence. Yet, mad am I not -- and very surely do I not dream. But to-morrow I die, and to-day I would unburthen my soul. My immediate purpose is to place before the world, plainly, succinctly, and without comment, a series of mere household events. In their consequences, these events have terrified -- have tortured -- have destroyed me. Yet I will not attempt to expound them. To me, they have presented little but Horror -- to many they will seem less terrible than barroques. Hereafter, perhaps, some intellect may be found which will reduce my phantasm to the common-place -- some intellect more calm, more logical, and far less excitable than my own, which will perceive, in the circumstances I detail with awe, nothing more than an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effects.    From my infancy I was noted for the docility and humanity of my disposition. My tenderness of heart was even so conspicuous as to make me the jest of my companions. I was especially fond of animals, and was indulged by my parents with a great variety of pets. With these I spent most of my time, and never was so happy as when feeding and caressing them. This peculiarity of character grew with my growth, and, in my manhood, I derived from it one of my principal sources of pleasure. To those who have cherished an affection for a faithful and sagacious dog, I need hardly be at the trouble of explaining the nature or the intensity of the gratification thus derivable. There is something in the unselfish and self-sacrificing love of a brute, which goes directly to the heart of him who has had frequent occasion to test the paltry friendship and gossamer fidelity of mere Man.    I married early, and was happy to find in my wife a disposition not uncongenial with my own. Observing my partiality for domestic pets, she lost no opportunity of procuring those of the most agreeable kind. We had birds, gold-fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat.    This latter was a remarkably large and beautiful animal, entirely black, and sagaciousto an astonishing degree. In speaking of his intelligence, my wife, who at heart was not a little tinctured with superstition, made frequent allusion to the ancient popular notion, which regarded all black cats as witches in disguise. Not that she was ever serious upon this point -- and I mention the matter at all for no better reason than that it happens, just now, to be remembered.    Pluto -- this was the cat's name -- was my favorite pet and playmate. I alone fed him, and he attended me wherever I went about the house. It was even with difficulty that I could prevent him from following me through the streets.    Our friendship lasted, in this manner, for several years, during which my general temperament and character -- through the instrumentality of the Fiend Intemperance -- had (I blush to confess it) experienced a radical alteration for the worse. I grew, day by day, more moody, more irritable, more regardless of the feelings of others. I suffered myself to use intemperate language to my wife. At length, I even offered her personal violence. My pets, of course, were made to feel the change in my disposition. I not only neglected, but ill-used them. For Pluto, however, I still retained sufficient regard to restrain me from maltreating him, as I made no scruple of maltreating the rabbits, the monkey, or even the dog, when by accident, or through affection, they came in my way. But my disease grew upon me -- for what disease is like Alcohol ! -- and at length evenPluto, who was now becoming old, and consequently somewhat peevish -- even Plutobegan to experience the effects of my ill temper.    One night, returning home, much intoxicated, from one of my haunts about town, I fancied that the cat avoided my presence. I seized him; when, in his fright at my violence, he inflicted a slight wound upon my hand with his teeth. The fury of a demon instantly possessed me. I knew myself no longer. My original soul seemed, at once, to take its flight from my body; and a more than fiendish malevolence, gin-nurtured, thrilled every fibre of my frame. I took from my waistcoat-pocket a pen-knife, opened it, grasped the poor beast by the throat, and deliberately cut one of its eyes from the socket ! I blush, I burn, I shudder, while I pen the damnable atrocity.    When reason returned with the morning -- when I had slept off the fumes of the night's debauch -- I experienced a sentiment half of horror, half of remorse, for the crime of which I had been guilty; but it was, at best, a feeble and equivocal feeling, and the soul remained untouched. I again plunged into excess, and soon drowned in wine all memory of the deed.    In the meantime the cat slowly recovered. The socket of the lost eye presented, it is true, a frightful appearance, but he no longer appeared to suffer any pain. He went about the house as usual, but, as might be expected, fled in extreme terror at my approach. I had so much of my old heart left, as to be at first grieved by this evident dislike on the part of a creature which had once so loved me. But this feeling soon gave place to irritation. And then came, as if to my final and irrevocable overthrow, the spirit of PERVERSENESS. Of this spirit philosophy takes no account. Yet I am not more sure that my soul lives, than I am that perverseness is one of the primitive impulses of the human heart -- one of the indivisible primary faculties, or sentiments, which give direction to the character of Man. Who has not, a hundred times, found himself committing a vile or a silly action, for no other reason than because he knows he should not? Have we not a perpetual inclination, in the teeth of our best judgment, to violate that which is Law, merely because we understand it to be such? This spirit of perverseness, I say, came to my final overthrow. It was this unfathomable longing of the soul to vex itself -- to offer violence to its own nature -- to do wrong for the wrong's sake only -- that urged me to continue and finally to consummate the injury I had inflicted upon the unoffending brute. One morning, in cool blood, I slipped a noose about its neck and hung it to the limb of a tree; -- hung it with the tears streaming from my eyes, and with the bitterest remorse at my heart; -- hung it because I knew that it had loved me, and because I felt it had given me no reason of offence; -- hung itbecause I knew that in so doing I was committing a sin -- a deadly sin that would so jeopardize my immortal soul as to place it -- if such a thing were possible -- even beyond the reach of the infinite mercy of the Most Merciful and Most Terrible God.    On the night of the day on which this cruel deed was done, I was aroused from sleep by the cry of fire. The curtains of my bed were in flames. The whole house was blazing. It was with great difficulty that my wife, a servant, and myself, made our escape from theconflagration. The destruction was complete. My entire worldly wealth was swallowed up, and I resigned myself thenceforward to despair.    I am above the weakness of seeking to establish a sequence of cause and effect, between the disaster and the atrocity. But I am detailing a chain of facts -- and wish not to leave even a possible link imperfect. On the day succeeding the fire, I visited the ruins. The walls, with one exception, had fallen in. This exception was found in a compartment wall, not very thick, which stood about the middle of the house, and against which had rested the head of my bed. The plastering had here, in great measure, resisted the action of the fire -- a fact which I attributed to its having been recently spread. About this wall a dense crowd were collected, and many persons seemed to be examining a particular portion of it with very minute and eager attention. The words "strange!" "singular!" and other similar expressions, excited my curiosity. I approached and saw, as if graven in bas relief upon the white surface, the figure of a gigantic cat. The impression was given with an accuracy truly marvellous. There was a rope about the animal's neck.    When I first beheld this apparition -- for I could scarcely regard it as less -- my wonder and my terror were extreme. But at length reflection came to my aid. The cat, I remembered, had been hung in a garden adjacent to the house. Upon the alarm of fire, this garden had been immediately filled by the crowd -- by some one of whom the animal must have been cut from the tree and thrown, through an open window, into my chamber. This had probably been done with the view of arousing me from sleep. The falling of other walls had compressed the victim of my cruelty into the substance of the freshly-spread plaster; the lime of which, with the flames, and the ammonia from the carcass, had then accomplished the portraiture as I saw it.    Although I thus readily accounted to my reason, if not altogether to my conscience, for the startling fact just detailed, it did not the less fail to make a deep impression upon my fancy. For months I could not rid myself of the phantasm of the cat; and, during this period, there came back into my spirit a half-sentiment that seemed, but was not, remorse. I went so far as to regret the loss of the animal, and to look about me, among the vile haunts which I now habitually frequented, for another pet of the same species, and of somewhat similar appearance, with which to supply its place.    One night as I sat, half stupified, in a den of more than infamy, my attention was suddenly drawn to some black object, reposing upon the head of one of the immense hogsheads of Gin, or of Rum, which constituted the chief furniture of the apartment. I had been looking steadily at the top of this hogshead for some minutes, and what now caused me surprise was the fact that I had not sooner perceived the object thereupon. I approached it, and touched it with my hand. It was a black cat -- a very large one -- fully as large as Pluto, and closely resembling him in every respect but one. Pluto had not a white hair upon any portion of his body; but this cat had a large, although indefinite splotch of white, covering nearly the whole region of the breast.    Upon my touching him, he immediately arose, purred loudly, rubbed against my hand, and appeared delighted with my notice. This, then, was the very creature of which I was in search. I at once offered to purchase it of the landlord; but this person made no claim to it -- knew nothing of it -- had never seen it before.    I continued my caresses, and, when I prepared to go home, the animal evinced a disposition to accompany me. I permitted it to do so; occasionally stooping and patting it as I proceeded. When it reached the house it domesticated itself at once, and became immediately a great favorite with my wife.    For my own part, I soon found a dislike to it arising within me. This was just the reverse of what I had anticipated; but -- I know not how or why it was -- its evident fondness for myself rather disgusted and annoyed. By slow degrees, these feelings of disgust and annoyance rose into the bitterness of hatred. I avoided the creature; a certain sense of shame, and the remembrance of my former deed of cruelty, preventing me from physically abusing it. I did not, for some weeks, strike, or otherwise violently ill use it; but gradually -- very gradually -- I came to look upon it with unutterable loathing, and to flee silently from its odious presence, as from the breath of a pestilence.    What added, no doubt, to my hatred of the beast, was the discovery, on the morning after I brought it home, that, like Pluto, it also had been deprived of one of its eyes. This circumstance, however, only endeared it to my wife, who, as I have already said, possessed, in a high degree, that humanity of feeling which had once been my distinguishing trait, and the source of many of my simplest and purest pleasures.    With my aversion to this cat, however, its partiality for myself seemed to increase. It followed my footsteps with a pertinacity which it would be difficult to make the reader comprehend. Whenever I sat, it would crouch beneath my chair, or spring upon my knees, covering me with its loathsome caresses. If I arose to walk it would get between my feet and thus nearly throw me down, or, fastening its long and sharp claws in my dress, clamber, in this manner, to my breast. At such times, although I longed to destroy it with a blow, I was yet withheld from so doing, partly by a memory of my former crime, but chiefly -- let me confess it at once -- by absolute dread of the beast.    This dread was not exactly a dread of physical evil -- and yet I should be at a loss how otherwise to define it. I am almost ashamed to own -- yes, even in this felon's cell, I am almost ashamed to own -- that the terror and horror with which the animal inspired me, had been heightened by one of the merest chimæras it would be possible to conceive. My wife had called my attention, more than once, to the character of the mark of white hair, of which I have spoken, and which constituted the sole visible difference between the strange beast and the one I had destroyed. The reader will remember that this mark, although large, had been originally very indefinite; but, by slow degrees -- degrees nearly imperceptible, and which for a long time my Reason struggled to reject as fanciful -- it had, at length, assumed a rigorous distinctness of outline. It was now the representation of an object that I shudder to name -- and for this, above all, I loathed, and dreaded, and would have rid myself of the monster had I dared -- it was now, I say, the image of a hideous -- of a ghastly thing -- of the GALLOWS ! -- oh, mournful and terrible engine of Horror and of Crime -- of Agony and of Death !    And now was I indeed wretched beyond the wretchedness of mere Humanity. And a brute beast -- whose fellow I had contemptuously destroyed -- a brute beast to work out for me -- for me a man, fashioned in the image of the High God -- so much of insufferable wo! Alas! neither by day nor by night knew I the blessing of Rest any more! During the former the creature left me no moment alone; and, in the latter, I started, hourly, from dreams of unutterable fear, to find the hot breath of the thing upon my face, and its vast weight -- an incarnate Night-Mare that I had no power to shake off -- incumbent eternally upon my heart !    Beneath the pressure of torments such as these, the feeble remnant of the good within me succumbed. Evil thoughts became my sole intimates -- the darkest and most evil of thoughts. The moodiness of my usual temper increased to hatred of all things and of all mankind; while, from the sudden, frequent, and ungovernable outbursts of a fury to which I now blindly abandoned myself, my uncomplaining wife, alas! was the most usual and the most patient of sufferers.    One day she accompanied me, upon some household errand, into the cellar of the old building which our poverty compelled us to inhabit. The cat followed me down the steep stairs, and, nearly throwing me headlong, exasperated me to madness. Uplifting an axe, and forgetting, in my wrath, the childish dread which had hitherto stayed my hand, I aimed a blow at the animal which, of course, would have proved instantly fatal had it descended as I wished. But this blow was arrested by the hand of my wife. Goaded, by the interference, into a rage more than demoniacal, I withdrew my arm from her grasp and buried the axe in her brain. She fell dead upon the spot, without a groan.    This hideous murder accomplished, I set myself forthwith, and with entire deliberation, to the task of concealing the body. I knew that I could not remove it from the house, either by day or by night, without the risk of being observed by the neighbors. Many projects entered my mind. At one period I thought of cutting the corpse into minute fragments, and destroying them by fire. At another, I resolved to dig a grave for it in the floor of the cellar. Again, I deliberated about casting it in the well in the yard -- about packing it in a box, as if merchandize, with the usual arrangements, and so getting a porter to take it from the house. Finally I hit upon what I considered a far better expedient than either of these. I determined to wall it up in the cellar -- as the monks of the middle ages are recorded to have walled up their victims.    For a purpose such as this the cellar was well adapted. Its walls were loosely constructed, and had lately been plastered throughout with a rough plaster, which the dampness of the atmosphere had prevented from hardening. Moreover, in one of the walls was a projection, caused by a false chimney, or fireplace, that had been filled up, and made to resemble the rest of the cellar. I made no doubt that I could readily displace the bricks at this point, insert the corpse, and wall the whole up as before, so that no eye could detect any thing suspicious.    And in this calculation I was not deceived. By means of a crow-bar I easily dislodged the bricks, and, having carefully deposited the body against the inner wall, I propped it in that position, while, with little trouble, I re-laid the whole structure as it originally stood. Having procured mortar, sand, and hair, with every possible precaution, I prepared a plaster which could not be distinguished from the old, and with this I very carefully went over the new brick-work. When I had finished, I felt satisfied that all was right. The wall did not present the slightest appearance of having been disturbed. The rubbish on the floor was picked up with the minutest care. I looked around triumphantly, and said to myself -- "Here at least, then, my labor has not been in vain."    My next step was to look for the beast which had been the cause of so much wretchedness; for I had, at length, firmly resolved to put it to death. Had I been able to meet with it, at the moment, there could have been no doubt of its fate; but it appeared that the crafty animal had been alarmed at the violence of my previous anger, and forebore to present itself in my present mood. It is impossible to describe, or to imagine, the deep, the blissful sense of relief which the absence of the detested creature occasioned in my bosom. It did not make its appearance during the night -- and thus for one night at least, since its introduction into the house, I soundly and tranquilly slept; aye, slept even with the burden of murder upon my soul!    The second and the third day passed, and still my tormentor came not. Once again I breathed as a freeman. The monster, in terror, had fled the premises forever! I should behold it no more! My happiness was supreme! The guilt of my dark deed disturbed me but little. Some few inquiries had been made, but these had been readily answered. Even a search had been instituted -- but of course nothing was to be discovered. I looked upon my future felicity as secured.    Upon the fourth day of the assassination, a party of the police came, very unexpectedly, into the house, and proceeded again to make rigorous investigation of the premises. Secure, however, in the inscrutability of my place of concealment, I felt no embarrassment whatever. The officers bade me accompany them in their search. They left no nook or corner unexplored. At length, for the third or fourth time, they descended into the cellar. I quivered not in a muscle. My heart beat calmly as that of one who slumbers in innocence. I walked the cellar from end to end. I folded my arms upon my bosom, and roamed easily to and fro. The police were thoroughly satisfied and prepared to depart. The glee at my heart was too strong to be restrained. I burned to say if but one word, by way of triumph, and to render doubly sure their assurance of my guiltlessness.    "Gentlemen," I said at last, as the party ascended the steps, "I delight to have allayed your suspicions. I wish you all health, and a little more courtesy. By the bye, gentlemen, this -- this is a very well constructed house." (In the rabid desire to say something easily, I scarcely knew what I uttered at all.) -- "I may say an excellently well constructed house. These walls -- are you going, gentlemen? -- these walls are solidly put together;" and here, through the mere phrenzy of bravado, I rapped heavily, with a cane which I held in my hand, upon that very portion of the brick-work behind which stood the corpse of the wife of my bosom.    But may God shield and deliver me from the fangs of the Arch-Fiend ! No sooner had the reverberation of my blows sunk into silence, than I was answered by a voice from within the tomb! -- by a cry, at first muffled and broken, like the sobbing of a child, and then quickly swelling into one long, loud, and continuous scream, utterly anomalous and inhuman -- a howl -- a wailing shriek, half of horror and half of triumph, such as might have arisen only out of hell, conjointly from the throats of the dammed in their agony and of the demons that exult in the damnation.    Of my own thoughts it is folly to speak. Swooning, I staggered to the opposite wall. For one instant the party upon the stairs remained motionless, through extremity of terror and of awe. In the next, a dozen stout arms were toiling at the wall. It fell bodily. The corpse, already greatly decayed and clotted with gore, stood erect before the eyes of the spectators. Upon its head, with red extended mouth and solitary eye of fire, sat the hideous beast whose craft had seduced me into murder, and whose informing voice had consigned me to the hangman. I had walled the monster up within the tomb!

post by alya nazifa
smiles19girlz

Panduan Perkhemahan

Pemilihan Kawasan/ Tapak Perkhemahan

1. Tanah atau tapak yang rata.

A) Tapak khemah yang rata adalah bertujuan untuk memudahkan pemasangan khemah dan selesa sebagai tempat tidur atau berehat.

B) Sebaik-baiknya walau pun tapak yang rata, cuba elakkan daripada kawasan yang terdapat akar-akar pokok atau batu yang menjadi tapak khemah tersebut.

C) Tapak yang rata juga akan mengelakkan daripada berlakunya air bertakung jika hujan atau bukan sebagai tempat laluan air ketika hujan turun.

2. Berhampiran punca air.

A) Apabila melakukan aktiviti perkhemahan, perkara yang utama harus difikirkan ialah mengenai punca air bersih.

B) Air yang bersih digunakan untuk memasak, membersihkan diri dan sebagainya.

C) Tapak perkhemahan haruslah berhampiran dengan punca air tidak kira sungai, anak sungai, telaga, kolam atau sebagainya tetapi air tersebut hendaklah dipastikan kebersihannya supaya tidak berlaku kejadian tidak diingini seperti sakit perut atau penyakit lain yang boleh dijangkiti melalui air yang tidak bersih.

D) Punca air ini juga seharusnya diketahui dari mana datangnya dan melalui kawasan yang tiada pencemaran.

3. Jauh daripada dahan mati.

A) Pemilihan tapak perkhemahan juga mesti berdasarkan kepada kawasan sekitar, khasnya perlu melihat pokok-pokok yang besar di sekeliling kawasan perkhemahan tiada dahan mati atau ranting yang boleh membahayakan peserta perkhemahan.

B) Ini penting kerana jika berlaku tiupan angin yang kuat atau hujan, ranting serta dahan mati tersebut boleh menimpa khemah dan orang yang terdapat di tapak perkhemahan tersebut.

4. Tapak yang lebih tinggi dari punca air.

A) Pemilihan tempat atau tapak yang tinggi dan rata ini adalah penting untuk mengelakkan daripada dihanyutkan air jika berkhemah di tepi sungai dan air pasang jika berkhemah di pantai.

5. Mudah untuk mendapatkan bantuan.

A) Tapak perkhemahan yang dipilih juga haruslah berdasarkan kepada keadaan tempat yang mudah untuk mendapatkan bantuan jika berlaku sebarang kecemasan.

B) Tapak perkhemahan tersebut mungkin berhampiran kawasan kampung, laluan orang atau mudah dihubungi.

C) Setiap aktiviti perkhemahan juga haruslah dimaklumkan kepada pihak berwajib seperti Polis dan Jabatan Perhutanan.

6. Mudah untuk mendapatkan bahan bakar.

A) Apabila melakukan aktiviti perkhemahan, bahan bakar yang digunakan untuk memasak perlu diambil kira.

B) Jika memasak menggunakan dapur kayu iaitu ranting-ranting mati, tapak perkhemahan yang dipiiih mestilah di kawasan yang mudah dan banyak untuk mendapatkan bahan tersebut.

7. Keselamatan kawasan perkhemahan.

A) Keselamatan kawasan perkhemahan adalah penting.

B) Pastikan bahawa kawasan tersebut adalah bukan kawasan binatang buas dan mudah diganggu oleh penceroboh luar.

Keselamatan Khemah
1.Ubat nyamuk tidak dibenarkan dipasang di dalam atau terlalu hampir dengan khemah.
2. Khemah bukan sebagai tempat menjemur atau menyidai pakaian.
3. Tidak dibenarkan memasak di dalam khemah.
4. Digalakkan makan di luar khemah untuk mengelakkan semut atau binatang lain daripada memasuki khemah.
5. Pastikan khemah ditutup jika tiada orang di dalamnya.
6. Pastikan di luar dan dalam khemah sentiasa berkeadaan bersih dan kemas.
7. Merokok adalah di larang sama sekali di dalam khemah.
8. Pastikan khemah yang dipasang adalah kukuh dan selamat untuk digunakan.

Penjagaan Khemah1. Pasang khemah mengikut prinsip dan teknik yang betul.
2. Bersihkan dan keringkan khemah sebelum ia disimpan.
3. Tidak mencuci khemah dengan menggunakan sabun atau bahan pencuci yang mengandungi bahan kimia.
4. Khemah hendaklah disimpan ditempat yang sesuai dan selamat daripada ancaman haiwan perosak dan di tempat yang kering.
5. Pastikan semua alatan yang digunakan untuk mendirikan khemah diperiksa dan lengkap sebelum disimpan.
6. Peraturan Keselamatan Perkhemahan
7. Setiap peserta perkhemahan mestilah patuh kepada semua arahan keselamatan, kawalan dan penerangan perkhemahan pada setiap masa.
8. Menjaga kebersihan kawasan perkhemahan.
9. Mengutamakan faktor kesihatan dan aspek makanan, minuman, pakaian dan tapak perkhemahan.
10.Berhati-hati melakukan sebarang aktiviti dan sentiasa menghormati serta menghargai kawasan sekitar.
11. Mengamalkan semangat kerjasama, tolak ansur dan kekitaan dalam menghadapi sebarang gangguan keselamatan.
12. Merokok, berjudi, minuman keras adalah dilarang.
13. Mengutamakan aspek keselamatan semasa melakukan semua aktiviti.
14. Memaklumkan kepada ketua pasukan/kumpulan, fasilatator atau kepada pengerusi jawatankuasa perkhemahan jika menghadapi kesulitan seperti masalah kesihatan dan keselamatan.
15. Tiupkan wisel atau membunyikan sesuatu dengan kuat tanpa berhenti sehingga rakan datang membantu jika berlaku sebarang kecemasan.
16. Peserta tidak dibenarkan berenang selain pada waktu yang telah ditetapkan jika berkhemah berhampiran sungai, pantai atau tasik.
17. Dilarang memiliki apa-apa senjata yang merbahaya seperti senjata api, dadah dan alat-alat yang menyalahi undang-undang.
18. Tidak dibenarkan merosakkan atau memusnahkan tanaman dan tumbuhan yang terdapat di sekitar kawasan perkhemahan. 

post by

nor fatiratul amal 

1k3

smiles 19

Tips Menjadi Pelajar Cemerlang

35 Petua Pelajar Cemerlang dari Dr Fadzilah Kamsah

Berikut merupakan petua-petua dan ciri-ciri yang ada pada pelajar cemerlang, dari Dr Fadzilah Kamsah. Pelajar cemerlang akan:

1. Menggunakan kedua-dua belah otak kanan & kiri. Ini dapat dilakukan dengan membuat aktiviti merangsang kedua-dua belah otak tersebut.

2. Merangsang kesemua deria dalam pembelajaran. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa:

-1. kita ingat 10 % apayang dibaca

-2. kita ingat 20% apa yang didengar

-3. kita ingat 50 % apa yang didengar & dilihat

-4. kita ingat 70% apa yang dicakapkan

-5. kita ingat 90% setelah dipraktikkan

3. Belajar secara aktif dengan pen/pensil ditangan.

4. Belajar 3 jam sehari atau 20 jam seminggu (tidak termasuk kerja rumah).

5. Belajar dalam persekitaran kondusif.

-1. pastikan cahaya adalah terang

-2. kurangkan gangguan bunyi

-3. tampal poster yang mengandungi slogan yang menaikkan semangat belajar

-4. tampal gambar-gambar yang menenangkan fikiran

-5. kerusi dan meja menghadap kiblat

-6. jangan lupa untuk senyum

7. Tidak ponteng kelas. Kalau tertinggal kelas, salin nota dari rakan.

8. Mengulang kaji menggunakan kaedah 'output learning' iaitu belajar untuk melatih otak menggunakan maklumat yang terkumpul. Ini dapat dilakukan dengan membaca buku/nota, ingat kembali, lakar/tulis, sebut apa yang difahami, dan jawab soalan.

9. Tahu teknik merangsang memori:

-1. memasukkan maklumat dalam memori (registration)

-2. menyimpan maklumat dalam sel memori (retention)

-3. mengingat kembali (recall)

-4. menggunakan maklumat untuk menjawab soalan atau kegunaan lain (application)

10. Sentiasa awal dan mendahului:

-1. persediaan awal akan memberikan permulaan yang baik dan memberi tanggapan yang positif pada guru.

-2. pelajar yang mendapat A pada ujian lazimnya akan dapat mengekalkan kejayaannya.

-3. belajar awal ketika tiada tekanan adalah tidak membosankan.

-4. untuk sentiasa awal dan mendahului, bacalah dahulu sekali atau 2 kali sebelum guru mengajar.

13. Berbuat baik dengan guru. Setiasa hormati dan sayangi guru.

14. Mempunyai teknik membaca yang betul:

-1. duduk dengan tegak & bernafas dengan betul

-2. memberikan tumpuan sepanuhnya

-3. menggunakan jari telunjuk untuk membaca

-4. menyesuaikan kelajuan membaca dengan kesukaran bahan bacaan

16. Sentiasa mengawasi pencuri waktu belajar iaitu angan-angan kosong, bertangguh & malas.

17. Membaca doa penerang hati setiap kali selepas sembahyang, sebelum mengulangkaji, dan sebelum menghadapi peperiksaan.

18. Tidak membuang masa dengan belajar ketika letih.

19. Mengadakan rehat sebentar setiap 20 minit mengulangkaji.

20. Belajar mengikut waktu yang sesuai dengan diri (study according to your biological clock). Bagaimanapun, perlu tahu waktu-waktu yang sesuai untuk belajar iaitu sebelum tidur, selepas bangun tidur, selepas mandi air panas, selepas baca al-quran/zikir selepas riadah dan selepas berdoa.

21. Mengulang kaji secepat mungkin. Ulang kaji ringkas selepas belajar (kita akan lupa 80% selepas belajar).

22. Mengulang kaji secara bersendirian atau berkumpulan.

23. Tahu mengulang kaji adalah aktiviti pembelajaran terpenting sebelum peperiksaan.

24. Mengulang kaji pelajaran berulang-ulang kali.

25. Mengulang kaji apabila mulai terlupa.

26. Tahu petua mengulang kaji

-1. cari tempat yang tenang dan serasi dengan jiwa kita

-2. siapkan semua 'bekalan' dengan sempurna

-3. duduk tegak dikerusi yang selesa

-4. baca doa penerang hati

-5. baca buku atau nota mengikut teknik membaca yang betul

-6. fikir dan ingat kembali isi utama

-7. catat/lakar

-8. semak semula ketepatan maklumat

-9. ulang sebut atau ceritakan pada orang lain

-10. buat rumusan

-11. jawab soalan

-12. tampal maklumat yang rumit di dinding

-13. baca doa tanda kesyukuran selepas belajar

28. Tahu memberi ganjaran kepada diri sendiri selepas beajar seperti membaca surat khabar, melawat rakan dan sebagainya.

29. Tahu petua-petua agar tidak lupa:

-1. jangan makan kepala ikan

-2. jangan makan organ dalaman

-3. jangan minum semasa makan

-4. jangan minum atau makan makanan yang tercemar oleh semut

-5. jangan melihat kemaluan

-6. jangan melihat buih

-7. jangan membaca nama pada batu nisan

-8. banyakkan makan makanan yang mengandungi soya seperti tempe, tauhu dan lain-lain

-9. banyakkan makan kismis, kurma dan madu

-10. banyakkan makan kekacang

-11. pakai minyak wangi ketika belajar atau menghadapi peperiksaan

-12. jangan makan sehingga terlalu kenyang

-13. jangan kencing berdiri

31. Tahu kemahiran mengingat:

-1. tampal nota-nota penting di dinding

-2. tukar perkataan, ayat atau definisi dalam bentuk gambar atau rajah

-3. gunakan kaedah akronim

-4. reka cerita atau ayat mengenai konsep yang perlu diingat

-5. pecahkan maklumat kepada kumpulan kecil

33. Cekap mengatur jadual belajar:

-1. mempunyai jadual belajar

-2. patuh kepada jadual

-3. buat jadual yang boleh diikuti

35. Tidak menangguh belajar pada saat akhir dan tidak menumpukan peperiksaan sebagai dorongan untuk belajar.

36. Cari maklumat mengenai subjek yang tidak diketahui. Sediakan perkara-perkara yang tidak diketahui dan dapatkan penyelesaian dari orang yang lebih arif.

37. Membina kepelbagaian dalam pembelajaran. Sebagai contoh, satu hari dipelbagaikan cara dan topik untuk belajar.

38. Menggunakan masa terluang untuk mengulang kaji atau mencuri masa.

39. Membawa nota ke mana-mana sahaja (kecuali ke tandas).

40. Pelbagaikan tempat belajar.

41. Menyedari guru-guru adalah sumber ilmu yang baik. Tanya guru apabila tidak faham

42. Menjadikan nota-nota menarik seperti membuat corak, menggariskan isi penting dan sebagainya.

43. Ciri-ciri pelajar cemerlang:

-1. taat kepada Allah

-2. mendirikan sembahyang

-3. menghormati kedua ibu bapa dan sentiasa mendoakan mereka

-4. hormati & sayangi guru

-5. bersungguh-sungguh dalam melakukan kerja untuk mencapai kecemerlangan.

-6. suka pada setiap mata pelajaran yang dipelajari

-7. membantu rakan yang memerlukan

-8. berdoa dan bersyukur kepada Allah

-9. sentiasa bertawakal

-10. mahir dalam setiap mata pelajaran

Kita juga perlu ingat pelajar yang cemerlang, adalah juga cemerlang pada akhlak dan tingkah lakunya dan seimbang dalam kehidupannya. Kecemerlangan pelajar bukan semata-mata dilihat pada nilai akademiknya sahaja. Semoga bermanfaat.

Nor Fatiratul Amal Bt Md Aizzi
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http://wajaterengganu.blogspot.com/2008/06/tips-menjadi-pelajar-cemerlang.htm

Makanan Seimbang

Makanan seimbang merupakan makanan yang harus dimakan untuk memastikan tubuh badan seseorang berfungsi dengan normal. Makanan seimbang seharusnya memberikan kita tenaga. makanan yang mencukupi, karbohidrat, protein dan lemak secara optimum, kandungan fiber yang mencukupi dan kandungan bahan galian, vitamin dan asid lemak.Makanan yang memberi tenaga dapat membina badan, dan dapat menjauhi kita daripada mendapat penyakit. Amalan pemakanan sihat adalah satu faktor yang penting ke arah kesihatan sekeluarga dan seharusnya dipupuk dari rumah. Selain daripada menyelerakan dan mampu dibeli, makanan yang dikongsi bersama sekeluarga mestilah berkhasiat dan sihat. Makanan seimbang seharusnya memberi :

i. Tenaga makanan yang mencukupi
ii. Karbohidrat, protein dan lemak secara optimum.
iii. Kandungan fiber yang mencukupi
iv. Kandungan bahan galian, vitamin dan asid lemak.

Makanan ini terdiri dari tiga kumpulan iaitu makanan yang memberi tenaga, menjauhi dari penyakit dan membina sel-sel dan tisu tubuh.

A. Makanan yang memberi tenaga
Di Malaysia tenaga 50-60% penduduk didapati daripada nasi. Namun begitu makanan lain yang menghasilkan tenaga termasuk semua jenis bijirin seperti jagung, gandum, beras, bali, ubi keledek, keladi, ubi kayu, kentang dan lain-lain. Makanan lain yang menghasilkan tenaga adalah makanan yang mengandungi gula seperti gula pasir, sirap, jem dan madu.

B. Makanan membina badan
Protein adalah makanan membina badan. Protein membina sel-sel atau jeringan tisu dalam badan kita. Punca protein adalah daripada ikan, ketam, kepah, sotong, ayam, itik, dan lembu. Kekurangan sumber protein boleh membantutkan pertumbuhan seseorang termasuk pembentukan otot. Kekurangan protein juga mempengaruhi pembentukan darah dan ini menyebabkan badan menjadi lesu.

C. Makanan menjauhi penyakit
Makanan jenis ini merupakan makanan yang membekalkan tubuh dengan bahan-bahan yang mengekalkan semua perjalanan organ di dalamnya. Ia mencegah tubuh daripada menghidap penyakit. Makanan jenis ini meliputi sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan.

 

 

Post By,

Anis Shuhada Azizan

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